Soil fertility is a combination of the various properties of the soil. Soil fertility describes the suitability of the soil in a particular location for growing plants to produce the highest yield. It is made up of the various observations concerning the way the soil affects plants and is measured by the yield and quality of the harvest, and the extent to which they fluctuate. (Diepenbrock, W., Ellmer, F., Léon, J. (2015): Arable farming, agronomics and plant breeding. 4th edition. Stuttgart)

Physical properties

The physical properties are characterised by the soil structure and can be determined using a spade sample. The particle size distribution strongly influences the water retention capacity and the tendency for erosion. The aim of cultivation should be to maintain and stabilise the soil structure. Site-specific tillage and crop care can support the soil in this process. Plant roots also have an important role to play, as they directly influence other factors such as the nutrient balance and microbial activity. Species-rich cover crop mixtures in particular can offer great potential for improvement here.

Biological properties

The biological properties involve organic material activity and the presence of soil life. Microorganisms and earthworms are regarded as indicators of biological activity. Soil life helps to transform large quantities of organic material and contributes to forming the soil structure. Due to its transformation rate, it is also a key factor for soil rejuvenation and hygienisation of the soil with regard to pathogens.

Chemical properties

The chemical properties are primarily determined by the pH value and the type of rock on which the soil is based. Fertilisation and liming as well as a varied crop rotation can help to maintain soil fertility and the balance of chemical properties.